Projection apparatus for multiple record talking machines



Nov. 11, 1941. A sEMLs 2,262,410

PROJECTION APPARATUS FOR MULTIPLE RECORD TALKING MACHINES Filed Nov. 22, 1940 4 Sheets-Sheet l Y j lNvENToR:

' A! emels ATTORNEY Nov. A11, 1941..v A. SEMELS 2,262,410

PROJECTION APPARATUS FOR MULTIPL RECORD TALKINGMACHINES f Filed Nov. 22, 1940 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR:

A! Se eis ATTORNEY A. SEMELS Nov. 11, 1941.

PROJECTION APPARATUS FOR MULTIPLE RECORD TALKING MACHINES 4 sheet'sfsheet :s

Filed Nov. 22, 1940 lll llllu lllululluum ni'unul lNlvENToR: Al S'mcls ATTORNEY A. SEMELS Nov. 11,1941.

2,262,410 PROJECTION APPARATUS ROR MULTIPLE RECORD TALKING MACHINESv Filed Nov. 22, 1940 4 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR. A! emels ATTORNEY Patented Nov. 11, 1941 PROJECTION APPARATUS FOR MUTTIPLE RECORD TALKTNC MACHINES `Al Semels, New York', N. Y. Application November 22, 1940,'seria1N0. 366,627 7 Claims. (C1. sis- 28) i ma.

This invention concerns a multiple characterrecord exhibiting apparatus which is adapted to be in co-operation with a multiple sound-record reproducing apparatus, whereby 'simultaneous sound and exhibition performance Will be automatically related, and more particularly, this invention relates to what may be a` multiple moving-slide stereopticon with a slide selector r means, adapted to be combined with a multiple record talking machine `having a record selector means, whereby selection of the-record to be played is made by a simple manual-manipulation, `whereupon simultaneously, the talkingmachine record chosen and its related stereopticon slide assume operating position, and the performance of `said record andslide progresses in substantial unison as to subject matter.

in Fig. 2, namely, of the lantern slide selector The principal object of Vthis invention is to provide a novel and improved means for accomplishing automatically, related operation between amultiple record talkingmachine having a record selector mechanism, and a multiple Vmoveable slide projection apparatus of the stereopticon type. i 1

A further object hereof is to provide mechanism of the type set forth, of novel and improved and improved construction, whereby upon comf pletion of a performance, the' stereopticonslides i are automatically returned to proper initialfrest position. i N f A further object hereof is to provide novel and improved apparatus of the charactermentioned, H

which is adaptable for combination with existing multi-record `talking machines Vor to` be built-in `in a combinedembodiment withina single cabinet designed to house the combined apparatus.

Another object hereof is to provide apparatus of the type described which is simple to adapt to existing talking machines, easy` to understand `asr to construction `and operation;` positive in `operation and eflicient in carrying .out the purposes for which it is designed.

Other objects and advantages Will become manifest as this disclosure` proceeds. Inthe accompanying drawings forming part of `this disclosure, similar characters of `reference -indicate corresponding parts in all the views Aating positionof the turntable 34.

one above `the other in parallel relation. record selectonme'chanism, omitted in the drawvrFig. 1` is a Vdiagrammatic side elevation of a combined talking andprojection `machine embodying the teachings of this invention.

Fig. 2 is substantially a plan view of Fig. 1. Fig.` 3 is a side elevation showing the mechanism employed in anembodiment of this invention, `for moving` the lantern slide holder with respect to the projector.

Fig. 4 is a bottom View of Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is an enlarged view of a portion shown apparatus. v i Fig. 6, is a side elevation of thev apparatus shown in Fig.` 5. f

Fig. 'Tis a perspective View of a component of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 5.

Fig. 8 is a perspective view Oi the lantern slide holder, which is `a drum frame adapted to receive the several slides.

Fig. 9 showsa governor construction included in the embodiment hereinafter described.

In the drawings, the` numeral 25 designates generally `a, multiple record talking machine which may be of the coin operatedtype'having a coin deposit 26, and record selector buttons 21. There visy one such button for controlling the selection of its related record. The several records 28, 2-9, 30 and 3|, are` each loosely carried in separate ferrule frames 32, which at rest posiltion are housed at one, side of the cabinet 33, The

ings, is actuated upon movement of one of said buttons 21, toshift the proper record frame 32, to a position-directlyover the turntable 34, which is automatically raised by an arm 35 to receive the shifted record thereon from off the frame, and then played by means of the sounding arm 36;" the said frame 32, remaining in its shifted position concentrically beneath the raised oper- Upon completing playing of the record, it is again delivered into its waiting frame by lowering the turntable 34 to initial rest position, whereupon said frame carrying` the record just played, is swung back to its initial rest position among the remaining records. A lug 31, extending radially from each of the frames 32, coming into contact with the xed stop member 38, determines the rest position of the several records. Such machines are known. v

The apparatus now to be described is my contributon, which might be assembled as a unit to record talking machines of the type mentioned,

or else be made part of newly built combinations within an enlarged cabinet as indicated in Fig. 1.

A prismatic frame structure or drum frame 39, adapted to have a series of lantern slides 49, 4|, 42 and 43, removeably mounted therein, preferably vertically within the channels 44 therefor provided, is axially xed on and is slidably mounted along a vertical shaft 45. In the embodiment illustrated, I have provided the square holes 46, and therefore shaft 45 is of square cross-section.

A spiral cam 41, on shaft 48, co-operating with a lever 49 supporting said drum framev 39, and pivoted at 50, may be used to either raise or lower said lantern slide drum frame 39, as may be required. A magic lantern or other Stereopticon device 5|, in fixed position within the drum 39, is adapted to send its rays through the particular lantern slide directly in front thereof onto a tilted mirror or other suitable reflecting surfaced member 52, to be reflected therefrom to a reversely tilted reecting surfaced member 53, and finally projected on the screen 54 to be viewable from in front of the entire machine.

It is preferred that the cam shaft 48, shall be driven from an electric motor 55, through a system of reduction gearing including a governor controlled clutch. For this purpose, in the embodiment shown, I provide the drive illustrated particularly in Fig. 3, where 56, is a shaft carrying a small gear 51 and a large friction wheel 58; the former being in permanent engagement with a comparatively large gear 59 on the cam shaft 48, and the latter to be engaged as desired by a comparatively small friction wheel 60, which is on stud 6| at the end of a lever 62, swingable intermediate its ends on shaft 63. Shaft 6| also carries a gear 64 which is in permanent engagement with a comparatively smaller gear 65 on the lever pivot shaft 63. This shaft 63 also carries a pulley 66, which is connected by a belt 61 to a pulley on the motor shaft 68. Said motor shaft also carries a governor indicated generally by the numeral 69, for controlling the movement of the lever 62. The friction wheels 58 and 6D, are normally disengaged when the apparatus is not working, which disengagement is effected by means of the spring 10. The purpose of the governor 69, is to control engagement and disengagement of the friction wheels 58 and 66, by shifting the lever 62. Said governor may be of any type, although I have used the kind which consists of a loose outer casing 1|, which houses a radially socketed wheel 12 secured on motor shaft; there being in said bores, loosely slidable friction elements 13, of weight suiiicient to be thrown into frictional contact with said outer casing 1|, when the motor speed develops and continues sufficiently for such purpose, and of course, when the motor speed is slowed down to a certain extent, said elements 13 will have no outwardly radial urge, and hence the casing 1| will be absolutely loose, whereupon pin 14 extending from the casing 1|, will cease its downward push on the hooked end 1.5.

The shaft 45, extends upwardly within a casing 16, wherein said shaft carries a series of cams 11 extending radially therefrom one above another and in respectively denite angular relation with one another. Within said casing, are a series of slidably mounted plates 18, each coplanar with one of the cams 11, and normally out of contact, but capable of being slid toward said shaft 45, whereby any slide so moved will receive its related cam within an identical camguiding cut-out 19, which will cause the shaft 45 to turn a definite angular movement to bring the related slide of the type 40 in operating position before the projection lantern 5|. The respective cam shifting plates 18, are each maintained away from the cams 11, by the springs from a iixed post 8|, and the springs 82, from the levers 83 respectively. These levers 83 are each pivotally mounted on an upright shaft 84, intermediate their ends. One end of which of each of them set within slots 85 in an elongated extension of the plates 18. Each of the levers 83 have respectively related arms 86, which are pivotally mounted on said shaft 84, and are each provided with a hook extension 81, and a stop element 88 which is adapted to Contact the lever 83 to limit its movement or to carry it about its fulcrum as need may be. On the side of the stop elements 81, each set of lever and arm, is provided respectively with a coil spring 89, connected at one end in each instance to the end of the lever 83 and intermediate the end of the related arm 86. Each plate and cam set has its lever and arm set. However, 90 is an engagement member for all of the hooks 81, and 9| indicates the hook release member; both said members being mounted pivotally on fixed shaft 92. It is to be noted that lug 31 of each of the record frames 32, contacts and shifts both the arm 86 and the hook release 9|, in the travel thereof to and from the turntable 34, and the relative position and dimensions are such to effect full accomplishment of the required functions of the various cam shifting members.

As set forth, each record of the type 28, has its related lug 31, arm 86, lever 83, cam shifter plate 18, cam 11 and lantern slide of the type 40. The shaft 92 carries thereabout a coil spring 93, secured at one end to the hook engagement member 90 and its other end to said shaft, and in like manner secured is a spring 94 to the hook releasemember 9| and said shaft. Said springs are normally untensed, but become tensed respectively upon movement of the said members they control, in order to return them to normal rest position. The slides of the type 40, may have thereon the words of the song of its related record of the type 28, with or without illustration, or may present in whole only pictorial representations or may have subject matter of other character in a manner related to its sound record 28. The rate of axial movement of the cam shaft 48, should be such that the drum or frame 39 shall be raised once its full range during the interval it takes to play the related record 28, so that sound reproduction and moving picture projection shall be substantially in synchronism or suitable unison. It is also evident that the afore-described projection apparatus and lantern slide selector means may be assembled as a unit for attachment to existing multiple record talking machines of the type as 25, with slight modifications where necessary to conform to mechanical structure or expediency as may be dictated by the experience of persons versed in this and related arts. Of course, the whole combination can be made as a new product of manufacture within a single suitable cabinet, instead of altering the existing cabinets of machines 25 to incorporate the projection apparatus as an adjunct thereto.

A switch 95 to control the circuit of the motor 55, is fixed within the cabinet 33, and is arranged so that a component cf machine 25, which moves away from a rest position at commencement of operation of said machine 25, and

`has bcome engaged by the member- 88.

2,262,4'101 .returnsfto suchfiniti'al" rest position at thereoncl'usionbf'the playing ofany of the recordsi as" 28, shall operate such switch to close said circuit at commencement of play, and open the circuit at the conclusion of play., In the embodiment shown as anexample of thisihvention, the turn- Y to restore the switch to open condition. The

numeralflfi` is `a coil spring about the camshaft 48',` and is attached at one end to theA frame of the structure andat its other endit is secured to said 4cam shaft, so that it is `wound up during the operation of the combined apparatus,V and therefore adapted to'restore the cam 41 to initial rest position upon disengagement ofthe friction Wheels 58 and 60. Provision is however made that such return movement of the cam shaft 48 shall be materiallyv retarded by means of a fan governoru91 on shaft56, to createair resistance;

When `not in. operation,` meaning at rest position, all the frames 32 are above each other away i from` turntable position. Theturntable 34 and i designating the desiredy record as 28, mechanism of the `talkingmachine becomes actuated whereby frame32g`carrying the chosen` record,

will be moved to a position directly above the` turntable`34 which now is made to riseand lift said record `28 thereon to playingposition, i whereupon `the movementofr arm 35 will g close the switch 95 wherebymotor 55 will rotate vand the lamp of,` the lantern 5I puton. This invention is not concernedwith the operating mechanism of machine 25, and therefore same is`not shown, Yformachines of this type are well known. i

. During the aforesaid movement of the frame 32 to turntable position, its lug 31, coming 'into contact with the end of its related arm 88, will shift said arm a suflicient distance so that the related lever 83 will slide its related plate 18 `to receive its` related cam 11V within cut-out 19,

thereby causing a measuredturning of 'shaft 45 tothe position where the lantern slide as 48, related lto the sound record 28 to be performed,

.will assume proper position with respect to the lantern 5I forV projection onto the screen 54. l

It is to be noted that the impact of the lug 31 against the lever arm 86,` is taken up by the spring 89, and it Ais this spring, and not the n movement of said lug 31, which movesthe lever 83 the required travel .determined by the stop elements 238.'H It is evident that the hook 81 Of course said lug 31 shifts `said arm 85 a little `beyond the requiredshifted position to be assumedby said arm, for it isrrequired thaty said moving element of the switch 95, causing the` lug'again intercept said arm- 88 upon the return `movement oi theirame 32vafter the performance ofthe record is completed. Spring 89 will bring ber 80. the hook release member 3| Til Y ul

the engagement member V9i), as soon asthe lug has disengaged itjin travelling to, turntable position; Upon movementy of the plate `18 `to cam engagement position; spring has become stressed.

While the above is taking place, the speed of motor 55 has reached a suflicient rate to actuate the governor 89, whereby `its outer casing 1|"wi1l be urged so that pin 14 will shift and maintain the hooked endz15 of lever 62 downward against action of spring 10, i whereupon the friction Wheels 58 and. 8D will assume engagement, and.

the cam shaft 48 willrotateslowly, causing the Y lantern slide drum frame 39` to rise, and spring' 95" will become tensed. `5

The sounding, arm now contacts the, record 28, wherebysame is played simultaneously with` projection of the slide 40 progressively linel by line upon the screen in substantial synchronism with the talking machine performance.

Upon completionl of theplaying of'V the record, the' turntable 34 is automatically lowered; andA in its movement deposits the record 28- just played into its frame 32, and continues to move downward tol initial rest position. During such downward movement, arm` 35 will again intercept the switch to open the circuit. and thus stop rotation of motor' 55, and extinguish the light source of the projection lattern 5 Ii. The frame 32 is at this time shiftedi back automatically by the talking machine operating mechanism, to its initial rest position among the other records,y during which travel of said frame, its lug 31 will rst contact and shift the release member 9| causing the en.- gagement .memberV y to` move and release.- the hook 81 of arm 86 therefrom, whereby said arm is free to return to initial rest position, effected by said lug travel. Return of said arm giszassuredby action of the spring 80, which restores the` slide 18` to initial rest position, causingV lever 83 to return to its initial rest position, and to stress the spring 89 which in turn bringssaid.1 arm 86, back to its initial rest position. And although lug 31, inthe return movement` of the frame-32 must shift saiclvarm beyond initial resti position in order to clear, yet` inv doing so, spring 82 is stressed to cause the return ot all the lantern slide selector components tov normal rest position. The whole apparatus is now in condition for another performance, for which anyvre'cord may be chosen; because spring 10, has caused the disengagement of the friction wheels 88 and 58, and tensed spring has caused the return of the cam 41 to initialrest position, ata retarded rate due to action of the fanv governor 91.

This invention is capable of numerous forms `and various applications without departingfrom the essential features herein disclosed'. It is therefore intended and desired that the embodiment described herein-` shallV be deemed illustra-.- tive and not restrictive and that the patent shall cover all patentable novelty herein disclosed; reference being had to the following claims rather than to the specific description herein to indicate the scope of this invention.

I claim:

1. In an apparatus of the character described for cooperation with a `multiple record talking machine of the type having a series of record carrying frames, each having a lug extending therefrom, a turntable, means to select and move any of the frames over the turntable and upon completion of the playing of the record so moved, restore the frame carrying` such record to its in-` itial rest position, and a component which moves from rest position to operating position at the commencement of operation and automatically returns to initial rest position upon completion of the playing of the record selected for performance, the combination of a frame, a shaft journalled tothe frame, a drum frame axially fixed and slidably mounted on said shaft, a series of lantern slides mounted on the periphery of the drum frame, a magic lantern apparatus including a light source positioned on the frame near the drum frame, a projection screen; said magic lantern apparatus being adapted to project onto the screen, characters on the lantern slide directly in front of the lantern apparatus, means to move the drum frame a predetermined distance along the shaft, once during and consuming substantially the entire interval in which a record is completely played by the talking machine, means to automatically return the drum frame to initial rest position along the shaft upon completion of the playing of a record, a series of members adapted to co-operate with said shaft and rotate same predetermined parts of a revolution when respectively shifted, whereby the lantern slides are respectively presented before the lantern apparatus in projection operating position; each of said members being provided with a hook element extending therefrom respectively, means to engage the hooks of said members when said members are in shifted position to co-operate with said shaft, means to shift the hook engagement means out of engagement of said hook elements; said members which are adapted to rotate the shaft lying respectively in the respective paths of travel of the lugs extending from the record carrying frames, and the hook disengagement member also lying in the paths of all of said lugs; said shaft co-operating members being adapted to be operated by said lugs respectively during the travel of said lugs, and the hook detaching means being adapted to be actuated by said lugs only upon return movement of a record carrying frame to initial rest position, to shift the hook engagement means; the lantern slides being so l arranged about the drum frame that the slide being projected upon the screen is related in subject matter to the record being played by the talking machine, an electric motor adapted to drive the means for moving the drum frame along the shaft during the playing of a record, and an electric switch fixed on the frame; said switch including an operating arm adapted to co-operate with said talking machine component, whereby upon movement of said component at the commencement of operation of the talking machine from initial rest position, said switch is operated to assume closed condition, and to assume open condition upon return movement of said talking machine component to initial rest position upon completion of the playing of a record by the talking machine; said switch controlling the circuits of either or both said motor and the light source of the lantern apparatus.

2. In an apparatus of the character described for cooperation with a multiple record talking machine of the type having a series of record carrying frames, each having a lug extending therefrom, a turntable, means to select and move any of the frames over the turntable and upon completion of the playing of the record so moved, restore the frame carrying such record to its initial rest position, and a component which moves from rest position to operating position at the commencement of operation and automatically returns to initial rest position upon completion of the playing of the record selected for performance, the combination of a frame, a shaft journalled to the frame, a drum frame axially fixed and slidably mounted on said shaft, a series of lantern slides mounted on the periphery of the drum frame, a magic lantern apparatus including a light source positioned on the frame near the drum frame, a projection screen; said magic lantern apparatus being adapted to project onto the screen, characters on the lantern slide directly in front of the lantern apparatus, means to move the drum frame a predetermined distance along the shaft, once during and consuming substantially the entire interval in which a record is completely played by the talking machine, means to automatically return the drum frame to initial rest position along the shaft upon completion of the playing of a record, a series of cams mounted on the shaft in definite angular relation, a series of plates individually slidably mounted on the frame, and respectively co-operative with said cams when moved toward the shaft; each of said cams have a cut-out adapted to` receive the related cam therein, whereby the shaft is rotated a predetermined part of a revolution so that the lantern slide related to the record being played, .is presented before the lantern apparatus in operating position, a series of members movably mounted on the frame, one for each of said plates, adapted upon movement to shift the respective plates to receive the cams in the respective cut-outs singly; each of said members being provided with a hook element extending therefrom respectively, means to engage the hooks of said members when said members are in shifted position towards the shaft, means to shift the hook engagement means out of engagement of said hook elements; said members lying respectively in the respective paths of travel of the lugs extending from the record carrying frames, and the hook disengagement means also lying in the paths of all of said lugs; said plate shifting members being adapted to be operated by said lugs respectively during the travel of said lugs, and the hook detaching means being adapted to be actuated by said lugs only upon return movement of a record carrying frame to initial rest position, to shift the hook engagement means, spring means associated with each of said plates adapted to return said Plates respectively to initial rest position out of contact with the cams, upon release of the hooks from the hook engagement means; the lantern slide being so arranged about the drum frame that the slide being projected upon the screen is related in subject matter to the record being played by the talking machine, an electric motor adaptedto drive the means for moving the drum frame along the shaft during the playing of a record and an electric switchrxed on the frame; said switch including an operating arm adapted to co-operate with said talking machine component,

'machine of the type having a series of record `carrying frames'each havinga lug extending at thecomrnencement of operation and auto"- matically returns to initial `rest position upon completion of the playing of the record selected 1an electric motor adapted to drive the means for @moving `the `drum frame along the shaft during for performances, the'combination of a frame, a

shaft journalled to the frame, a drum frame axially fixed and slidably mounted on said shaft, a series of lantern slides mounted on the periphery of the ldrum frame, a magic lantern apparatus including alight source positioned on rthe frame near the drum frame, a projection screen; said magic lantern apparatus being adapted to project'onto the screen, characters on the lantern slide directly in front of the lantern apparatus, means to move the drum frame a predetermined distance along the shaft, one during and consuming substantially the entire interval in which a record is completely played by the talking machine, means to automatically return i the drum frame to initial rest position along the shaft upon completion of the playing of a record, a series of cams mounted on the shaft in denite angular relation,a series of plates individually slidably mounted on the frame, and respectively co-operative with said Ycams when moved towards the playing .of `a record and an electric switch `fixed on the" frame; said switch including lan op- ,eratingi arm adapted toco-operate With the talk- AingHmacl-iine component,` whereby upon movement of said component at the commencement of operation of the talking machine from initial rest position, said `'switch is operated ,to assume closed condition, and `to assume open condition upon return of said talking machine component to initial rest position upon completion of the playing of a record by the talking machine; said switch controlling the circuits'of either or both said motor and the light source of the lantern apparatus.

4. An apparatus as del-ined in claim 2, including spring connections, one between each of the plates and their related shifting members, adapted to tardily cause the shifting of the plates upon movement of any of said members by the respecthe shaft; each of said plates being provided l with a cut-out adapted to receive the related cam therein, whereby the shaft is rotated a predetermined partof a revolution so that the lantern slide related to the record being played, is presented before the lantern apparatus in operating position, a series of levers pivotally mounted on the frame intermediate their ends, adapted upon movement to shift the respective plates to receive the respective cams within the cut-outs` singly; a series of arms pivotally mounted on the frame, each having a hook element extending therefrom respectively, also a spacer element extending therefrom respectively adapted to contact therespective levers and maintain the related arms and levers in definite spaced angul larity, springs respectively connected at one end` l to arms and at the other ends tu the related levers, adapted to restore and maintain the related arms and levers in their denite spaced angular relation upon movement of any` of the arms, whereby the movement of the respective `plates is tardy with respect to the movement of `the related arms, means `to `engage the hooks,

whenV the arms are shifted 'from rest position, means toshift the hook engagement means out of engagement of said hook elements; said arms lying respectively in the respective paths of travel of the lugs extending from the record carrying frames,4 and the hook disengagement means also lying on` the paths of all of said lugs; said arms being adapted to be operated by said lugs during the travel of said lugs, and the hook detachingmeans being `adapted to beactuated by said lugs upon return movement of a'record carrying frame to initial rest position, spring means associated with each of said plates adapttive lugs.

5. In an apparatus of the character described for cooperation with a multiple record talking machine of the type having a series of record carrying frames, `each having a `lug extending therefrom, a turntable, means to select and move any of the frames over the turntable and upon completion of the playing of the record so moved, restore the frame carrying such record so moved, to its initial position, and a component which moves from rest position to operating position at the commencement of operation and auto- `matically returns to initial rest position upon the completion of the playing of the record selected for performance, the combination of a frame, a shaft journalled to the frame, a drum frame axially fixed and slidably mounted on the shaft, a series of lantern slides mounted on the periphery of the `drum frame, a magic lantern apparatus including a light source positioned on the frame near the drum frame, a projection screen; said magic lantern apparatus beingadapted to project onto the screencharacters on the lantern slide directly in front of the lantern apparatus; the lantern slides being so arranged about the frame that the slide being projected upon the screen is related in subject matter to the record being played by the talking machine, means'to turn the shaft predetermined parts of a revolution to present the proper slide in -operating position before the lantern apparatus, actuated by the respective lugs in their travel to and from turntable position of the talking macaused by action of the governor when the motor chine, a cam rotatably mounted on the frame, a

pivotally mounted lever resting against the drumy coil spring positioned about a shaft whereby upon rotation of the cam shaft said coil spring is stressed, and upon disengagement of the clutch speed `falls below a predetermined number of revolutions per unit of time, said coil spring will restore the cam shaft to initial rest position and l whereby upon movement of said component at k6.Y apparatus as defined in claim 5, includthe commencement of operation of the talking ingv means adapted to retard tlnel return movemachine from initial rest position, said switch ment of the cam shaft to initial rest position. v is operated to assume closed condition, and to as- '1. An apparatus as defined in claim 5, includsume open condition upon return of said talking 5 ing a governor means adapted to retard the remachine component to initial rest position upon turn movement of the cam shaft to initial res the completion of the playing of a record by the position. talking machine; said switch controlling the cir- AL SEMELS. cuits of either or both said motor and the light source of the lantern apparatus. `10 

